Theory of Scaffolding Essay Example

Theory of Scaffolding Essay Theory of Scaffolding Literature around Scaffolding: There have been several discussions around scaffolding, in an attempt to define what it means for education. At the early stages of the theory of scaffolding, Wood, Bruner, and Ross (1976) explain the importance of the interactive, instructional relationship that tutors/teachershave in a learners development, supporting that the attendance of others is significant for scaffolding skills acquisition and problem solving. They also emphasize on the importance for realizing the value of a solution to generate the equence of steps that will lead to the solution of the problem, without scaffolding by an adult. As argued, this realization will result in effective feedback, as the learner will be able to value every step towards the solution, and therefore, in order for scaffolding to be effective the learner needs to generate solutions to the problem that are identifiable to them (Wood, Bruner, and Ross, 1976). However, in this scaffolding process, the tutor does not necessarily need to be a human; it can be a virtual, non- player character (NPC) as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Theory of Scaffolding specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Theory of Scaffolding specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Theory of Scaffolding specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In this project, the scaffolding process takes place in the virtual environment of Quest Atlantis, where learners embark on a mission to resolve a problem, part of which requires the decryption of Mayan signs, and interpretation of them in English. The facilitators in this case are the NPCs that learners/players come across during their mission. A rich experience is what a leaner needs to develop to a knowledgeable individual, and the impact of the surrounding environment and the scaffolds in it are important for learning. Wgotsky (1978) has proposed that the learner needs to be scaffolded in rder to acquire all the skills that would have been difficult to acquire independently. The Wgotskian theoretical perspective holds that learners, and especially children can perform more challenging tasks when assisted, and that they can reach a high level of development (Zone of Proximal Development). According to Wgotsky, there are two aspects of learning development; the actual development and the potential development (Ugotsky, 1978). The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) is the distance between the actual development level, as determined by independent roblem solving and the level of potential development, as determined through problem solving under adult guidance, or in collaboration with more capable peers (Ugotsky, 1978, p. 86). Further, based on Wgotskys theory, the ZPD can also be defined as the area between what the learners can achieve by themselves, and what they can attain with the help of more knowledgeable individuals (Video 1). Therefore, meaningful learning is being enhanced in the learners ZPD, with the use of all the available scaffolds afforded by the surrounding environment. Scaffolds in the case of he virtual geocaching project are considered to be the mission page, NPCs, boxes with information, scrolls with information, translation tool, etc. Zone of Proximal Development and Scaffolding Video 1: A video about the Zone of Proximal Development and Scaffolding, describing Pea, in his commentary paper (2004, p. 31) discussed the role of fading in the scaffolding process, characterizing it as intrinsic to the scaffolding process. A scaffold used for the learner must be gradually removed during the learning process, until it is completely gone, and when the learner has reached the learning goal Collins, Brown, Newman, 1989). It is argued that, if the learning help is not being gradually removed, then the process is not called scaffolding anymore, but distributed intelligence, namely, intelligence that is a collective product, and where the individual does not internalize learning (Pea, 2004). Over time, there have been numerous software tools created to scaffold meaningful learning experiences, in and out of schools. Scaffolding is an inherent characteristic of games, either in virtual or in physical life. In the case of computer games, the scaffolds for performing a task are rovided to the player/learner in the virtual context, enhancing active participation. This project aims at exploring the potentials of scaffolding such rich experiences with the use of virtual tools. According to the sociocultural theoretical perspective, children must have time to practice roles and behaviors through play. Therefore, it treats the several gaming tasks and virtual tools as scaffolds for learning development. In a similar vein, Wgotsky argued that game play in general can offer scaffolding-rich experiences, as well as opportunities for a player to act a head above himself (Ugotsky, 1978, p. 4) extending their abilities in ways that would not be possible without play (Video 2). Fantasy play and learning- A Wgotskian approach Video 2: A Wgotskian approach to fantasy play and learning. The video provides a definition of scaffolding, describes the Zone of Proximal Development, as well as some practical perspectives on game play. Videogames, expertly craft ways of scaffolding support through what Gee (2003, p. 138) calls the explicit information on-demand and Just-in-time principle. Computer games host contexts that frame problems, or aspects of problems and learners ecome engaged in those situations, to form their understanding and contribute to a solution. In this case, learners use scaffolds in the frames of a situation, in a context (whether it is real or virtual) to make meaning of a situation, transfer learning across multiple gaming situations as well as real-life situations, participate actively to make a change in the context, and ultimately enhance learning effectively (Lave, 1988). In such gaming environments, transformational play unfolds around the notion of reflexive action (Barab et al. , 2009) where player must take the consequences of their ctions and choices in consideration. However, this consideration takes place in a context where the outcomes of choices do not affect players/learners in any way apart for their game play. Scaffolding Definition as given in a class about Designing Learning in Context: explicit and/or implicit knowledge that enables the learner to be able to successfully engage the activity with acceptable results while maintaining the learners substantive involvement. (Learner+Scafold+Task=Success). Implicit in the definition is that once the learner acquires the explicit and/or implicit knowledge the scaffold is o longer scaffolding. If the learner only acquires part of the knowledge associated with the scaffold, but still needs the scaffold in some different form or level, the process of changing the scaffold to the changing learner knowledge level is called fading. Implicit in the definition is that something is scaffolding only when engaged during the activity, not only before or only after. Scaffolding also promotes learning of required and unknown explicit and/or implicit knowledge of some aspect of the activity, but not necessarily learning of all aspects of knowledge related to every caffold at any give time. If scaffolding is not promoting any learning and still compensating for learners lack of explicit and/or implicit knowledge, then it is not scaffolding rather it is a permanent knowledge crutch. A permanent crutch undermines all activity related learning because there is no need to learn because the learner can successfully engage the activity with the permanent crutch. Individual scaffolds can completely compensate for learners lack of explicit and/or implicit knowledge, without promoting learning if the explicit and/or implicit nowledge related to other scaffolds are being learned. This is called a temporary knowledge crutch. A temporary crutch allows the learner the opportunity to learn in other areas of the activity. My approach to scaffolding: In this section I am providing my personal definition of scaffolding, as I perceive it, after intense thinking, and after a lot influence by several theorists that talked about scaffolding. This definition has derived from and matured thr ough my constant online and in-class discussions in the frames of a class on Designing Learning in Context: Scaffolding is a process through which an individual/learner moves from the supported to the independent level of learning. In this process there is an expert source that provides help/support to the learner, while engaging in the process of completing an activity. Throughout the scaffolding process there is also a plan/ strategy followed (scaffolding is intentional, and not a random process) by the expert source, as well as a plan/strategy for gradually removing the scaffold (fading), when the situation affords it. [1] A scaffold is one in the set of scaffolding and compensates for one aspect of a earners lack of explicit and/or implicit knowledge that enables the learner to successfully engage the activity with acceptable results. f required and unknown explicit and/or implicit knowledge of some aspect o e TeamView activity, but not necessarily learning of all aspects of knowledge related to ev compensating for learners lack of explicit and/or implicit knowledge, then it undermines all activity related learning because there is no need to learn be Individual scaffolds can completely compensate for learn ers lack of explicit a knowledge related to other scaffolds are being learned. This is called a tem knowledge crutch. A temporary crutch allows the learner the opportunity to In this section I am providing my personal definition of scaffolding, as I percei after intense thinking, and after a lot influence by several theorists that talk scaffolding. This definition has derived from and matured through my consta online and in-class discussions in the frames of a class on Designing Learni supported to the independent level of learning. In this process there is an ex source that provides help/support to the learner, while engaging in the proc completing an activity. Throughout the scaffolding process there is also a pla strategy followed (scaffolding is intentional, and not a random process) by th noAK_noqep Pa3pe naponb HeKOH- @ 3any npVlE ngu Ox 1Aap substantive involvement. (Learner+Scafold+Tasesuccess). Implicit in the definition is during the activity, not only before or only after. Scaffolding also promotes lea of required and unknown explicit and/or implicit knowledge of some aspect e TeamViev activity, but not necessarily learning of all aspects of knowledge related to e compensating for learners lack of explicit and/or implicit knowledge, then it i ndermines all activity related learning because there is no need to learn b Individual scaffolds can completely compensate for learners lack of explicit implicit knowledge, without promoting learning if the explicit and/or implici knowledge related to other scaffolds are being learned. This is called a te knowledge crutch. A temporary crutch allows the learner the opportunity t In this section I am providing my personal definition of scaffolding, as I per after intense thinking, and after a lot influence by several theorists that tal scaffolding. This definition has derived from and matured through my cons nline and in-class discussions in the frames of a class on Designing Learn Scaffolding is a process through which an individual/learner moves from th supported to the independent level of learning. In this process there is an e source that provides help/support to the learner, while engaging in the pro completing an activity. Throughout the scaffolding process there is also a pl Scenario Figure 1. Barn and Silos Third grade students in Mrs. Maddoxs class have been studying about different types of communities for the past two weeks. Throughout this study, students have ocused on distinguishing between rural, urban and suburban communities. Living in a rural community, students are familiar with large expanses of land, farms, considerable distances between houses, and lack of malls, skyscrapers and entertainment venues. In contrast with that, the students took a field trip to downtown Atlanta to experience tall buildings, public transportation, commuters, super highways, extensive shopping, sports arenas and fine arts venues. Through this trip, they came to have a better understanding of an urban community. Between the school and downtown Atlanta, students were exposed to suburban communities s the bus took them through a neighborhood and a community outside the perimeter. Students experienced rows of houses, commuters, strip malls, eating establishments, churches and parks. The students were better able to apply the knowledge of their classroom activities to the field trip and could easily determine the differences between each type of community. Figure 2. City and Tall Buildings As a culminating activity for this study on types of communities, the students are going to prepare some type of individually selected project demonstrating their knowledge of urban, suburban and rural communities. Mrs. Maddox makes suggestions as to the types of projects students might consider. Some choose to write and illustrate a book, others write and perform a play, and still others film a video each community. Patrick, the computer whiz of the class, decides to prepare a PowerPoint presentation which will incorporate digital pictures taken on the field trip and of the rural areas surrounding the school community. He has successfully written the text for his slides but has been unable to insert the digital pictures from his disk. Mrs. Maddox notices that Patrick is experiencing frustration with his inability o insert the pictures. She approaches to offer help, not to complete the task for Patrick, but rather to provide support and to help him achieve his objective on his Figure 3. Computer Mrs. Maddox thinks aloud as she offers help: Lets see. I want to insert a picture into the slide from the disk. I need to go to the toolbar at the top and select insert since thats what I want to do. And since its a picture that I want to insert, Ill select picture. Now I have to tell the computer where to find the picture I want. Since the picture is on a disk, Ill select from file. Then Ill click insert and viola My picture is there. Now all I have to do is save it. As Mrs. Maddox talks through the steps, Patrick carefully follows her prompts and completes each step. He beams as he sees the selected picture on his slide. Mrs. Maddox then teaches Patrick a chant she has composed that will assist him with the steps: In-sert a picture from a file; locate the file and se-lect the pic; click to in-sert and save it, quick! She watches as Patrick goes through the steps, questioning him with leading questions when he hesitates, and listens while he quietly says the chant to himself to perform the task. Again, he beams with excitement as the slide displays the selected picture. Mrs. Maddox moves away from the computer and allows Patrick to insert the next picture on his own. Seeing that he is successful, she moves on to assist another student. Later, when another student, Melissa, needs assistance with inserting a picture to a PowerPoint slide, Mrs. Maddox asks Patrick to be a peer tutor to her. He further expands his learning by explaining the steps to Melissa and by teaching her the same chant he used to complete the steps to insert a picture in the PowerPoint slide. Through her support and facilitation, Mrs. Maddox helped Patrick master a skill and achieve independence through carefully designed instruction called scaffolding. This process of scaffolding is much like the traditional definition of scaffolding as a temporary support system used until the task is complete and the building stands without support. Such is the concept of scaffolding. Immediate support is given to students in order to help them achieve skill or task independence. This assistance is a temporary framework provided by the teacher or a more knowledgeable person to ssist students in performing a task they otherwise cannot accomplish without assistance. Support is provided to the learner and then gradually removed so that the student can become a self-regulated, independent learner. Although the teacher assumes much of the control during scaffolded instruction, the ultimate goal of instruction is covert, independent self-regulatory learning (Ellis et al. 1994). Caption: In this animation, each box represents scaffolding provided by the teacher, and with each activity the level of learning goes up. The first box represents verbalizing

Benefits of the Death Penalty essays

Benefits of the Death Penalty essays Of all global issues, capital punishment has been a source of controversy since its beginning in the Eighteenth Century B.C. In those days, executions were carried out in many fashions including crucifixion, drowning, and beating to death. Executions now consist of the gas chamber, lethal injection, electrocution and the firing squad. Since its beginning, protestors argue there is no justification for this punishment as it violates a criminals rights. Research shows that capital punishment is beneficial as it has reduced the rate of both murder and serial killing across the globe. One argument against capital punishment concerns the moral right to execute criminals. Protestors argue that the commandment Thou shalt not kill should apply to any form of killing. The Bible condones and dictates death for murder and various other offenses such as kidnapping and sodomy. In Sodom and Gomorrah (Gen. 18-19), God destroyed the two cities because of the appalling sins of its people. Another argument is the criminals rights regarding mistreatment in prisons. They are given adequate food and shelter, which does not constitute mistreatment. An argument in favor of capital punishment is overpopulation. Several violent criminals are given life sentences, some with the possibility of parole and many are repeat offenders. Too many criminals released on parole find another victim and repeat their behavior. Some criminals prefer a life in jail to life on the outside for reasons such as not having to work and the quality of care they receive while in prison. Overpopulation is an increasingly bigger problem than was once anticipated and has created the need for more funding so more prisons can be built. A stronger reason in support of capital punishment is the amount of funds currently used, such as providing food and shelter for inmates, which can drain the economy. Although the relief of capital punishment seems ...

Cultural Imperialism in the Film Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom Essay

Cultural Imperialism in the Film Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom - Essay Example The history of immigration to the United States and their contribution to succeeding generations of American-born racial groups are indispensable in United States' social, economic, political, and cultural history.By 1870, a huge flood of Chinese immigrants (8.6 % of the total populace of California forming 25% of the labor force) arrived in the U.S., mainly on the West coast between the beginning of the California gold rush in 1849 and 1882, until the U.S. Congress ratified federal law in 1882 to avert Chinese immigrants from coming in or staying in the U.S. ... Â  government policy that excluded or limited by quota immigration by Japanese, Filipinos and the whole range of peoples from Asian nations by an agreement called the Gentlemen's agreement (The Chinese Exclusion Act, lehigh.edu). It was an accord between the United States and Japan in 1907 making Japan to end the migration of its workers to the United States and t United States stopping to victimize the Japanese living in the United States. This accord ended in 1924 by the act of Congress ruling out immigration from Japan, as immigration from China had been earlier prohibited (Gentleman's Agreement, multied.com). Â  Academics like Carol Gigliotti consider that all artistic decisions and expressions essentially have a moral implication. Therefore, Spielberg's action-adventure movie(To critics, like Daniel Griffin, it is more like a pasty Tarzan film rather than an action movie of old westerns genre, or, superhero serials, and war pictures), Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom is not just an escapist fiction movie but a post-colonial distortion of Indian culture and traditions. So, modern India is demonstrated here as immature, sub-human and crude "reality" forcefully, credibly, and intentionally built by Spielberg (Kotwal, The Film Journal). Â  Edward Said's definition of the Orient and its relation to the West, mainly Europe, consist s of matters concerning the Settler and the settled. Said studies the upshots of the colonized when the colonizer goes away. He examines the mind of the colonized already looted of its economic, social, cultural, religious, political, historical bases and future potential, in absence of the colonizer.

Critical Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Critical Reflection - Essay Example It means that a leader has to have high emotional intelligence and be mindful in order to be successful and competent. In the public health sector, leadership may come in the form of a Medical Coordinator or the Director of a large health organization like World Health Organization (WHO). Whether in the political arena, organizations, family or in public health organizations, leadership is a key component of managing people. A leader has to guide and direct his followers. The leader can only do that if he/she has a significant influence on his people. Ego and leadership do not correspond because leaders who are egocentric usually possess little knowledge and vice versa. Furthermore, Good leadership and management in the public health care sector will always lead to efficiency, elimination of mistakes, positive patient outcomes, and better population health outcomes. Dr. Kiran Martin is an example of good leaders who transcended insurmountable odds to transform the society positively. Owing to the fact that no single leadership style can work in all situations, various leaders have chosen distinctive leadership styles that suit their prevailing needs. Whichever leadership style adopted should benefit the lives of the followers and those of their leaders as opposed to making them miserable. The major types of leadership styles include transformational leadership, transactional leadership, autocratic leadership, participatory leadership, servant leadership, transcendent leadership, situational leadership, and Laissez Faire Leadership Styles. Any one of these leadership styles may be applicable in unique situations, depending on the characteristics of the leaders in question. While others require active participation of the leaders, some require a passive approach to public health management. As far as Laissez Faire Leadership Style is concerned, it is worth

Why I want to be an HR Generalist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Why I want to be an HR Generalist - Essay Example I qualify for this job also because I have about 18 months of experience of working as an HR Generalist with a company where I was required to manage the day-to-day operations, manage employee relations, administer the policies, programs, and procedures, arrange training and development programs for the employees, and address their individualistic and collective issues by serving as a medium of coordination between them and the top management. One thing that I love about working as an HR Generalist is that it involves a lot of strategic management. The HR Generalist has to manage things in a way that generates positive messages for the organizational personnel so that they feel intrinsically motivated to cooperate and be a part of the change. I look forward to this opportunity so that I can apply the concepts I gained through years of training and practical experience.

Jurlique Manufactures And Retails Marketing Essay

Jurlique Manufactures And Retails Marketing Essay Profile Founded in South Australia by a chemist and a horticulturalist in 1985, Jurlique manufactures and retails the purest, most powerful skin care products. The organic and biodynamic farm system, which was built to harvest materials for manufacture products, offers the advantages of providing nature, fresh and sustainable ingredients of products. All kind of skin care products including body care, shampoo, shower gel and essential oil with four fragrances, namely: rose, lavender, citrus and jasmine are available. Jurlique has expanded to over 20 countries. They insist to manufacture products through eco-friendly process and regularly attend activities of environmental protection. (Jurlique 2012) Mission Manufacture purest products which are made of completely organic and biodynamic materials without any chemical added. (Jurlique 2012) Company Positioning Jurlique offers pure and harmless products to help skin become more beautiful with affordable price. Customers will be impressed with the high quality of products and fresh fragrance. SWOT Analysis 2.4.1 Strengths With own organic farmland, sources of materials are sustainable to maintain stable product line.   (Adriana Noton n.d.) Products, which made from natural ingredients, are harmless to health with high skin care efficiency. Jurlique has worldwide presence in Asia-Pacific, Europe, North America and South America. (Jurlique 2012) Good reputation due to the contribution of environmental protection. The products are suitable to sensitive skin with hypoallergenic ingredients. (Adriana Noton n.d.) 2.4.2 Weaknesses Lack of differentiation from other competitors. 2.4.3 Opportunity As organic products are emphasized recently, customers tend to buy nature products which are not harmful to health. The brand awareness has been enhanced in Australia. Customers gradually find out the marvellous efficiency of using natural products. (Adriana Noton n.d.) 2.4.4 Threats There are a lot of competitors such as LOCCITANE, The Body Shop and Aesop, etc. More and more pretenders try to produce similar products and pronounce the same advantage of organic ingredients. (Adriana Noton n.d.) Advertising Objective 3.1. The immediate sales 1. Trying to grab the floating profits like impulse or unplanned purchase.   Ã‚  Ã‚   2. Fulfilling the sales function by represent the new product for existing   Ã‚  Ã‚  consumers who have built the brand loyalty already. 3. To remind the consumer to purchase this new product. 3. 2. The short-term goal 1. This advertising campaign would reinforce the original brand image by market extension. 2. It also would enhance the product exposure frequency to strengthen the brand or product recognition and popularity which lead to repeat purchase. 3. The campaign advocates the green, organic, healthy life style rather than a single perfume brand. 3.3. The long-round aims. 1. Make the consumers add the whole bunch of reliance credits in our brand equity account. 2. Trying to generate the new demands in existing market and get more market shares in this niche market. 3. Increasing the wide acceptance of our brand. Target Market Segmentation 4.1.1 Geographic- This new product-Essential oil perfume will be firstly launched in Australia where is the birthplace of Jurlique. We will run this product in flagship store of Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide and Perth where have a large amount of population and potential opportunity to promote it. 4.1.2 Demographic- The target market will focus on females whose ages from 20 to 35 years old due to the fact that they have the most powerful ability of purchase. According to Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011), there is the highest population of female in the age level of 20 to 35. 4.1.3 Psychographic- Following the changes in the whole world, the concept of most people has been changed. Especially, people are taking notice of the ingredients of cosmetics. Hence, they do gradually keen on the natural, eco-friendly and organic product. 4.1.4 Socioeconomic- The target market focuses on university students and office ladies, hence, their income level may be low and middle. The average salary of white- collar workers is from 2500 to 5000 Australian dollars (Australia Average Salary Expenditure 2005). buying situation The products are appealed by females who value the protection of their body and health. Also, in current society, most people pay attention on environmental preservation. Hence, they prefer to purchase and search for nature-oriented products which would reduce the harms of human beings and environment. Target Audience The product of essential oil perfume is concentrated on the group of graduated students and office ladies (white collar workers) whose need the durable fragrance to reveal their temperament in every occasion. The majority of Jurlique customers will be women who start caring their skin and beauty. Hence, most products produced by Jurlique are designed with women in mind including perfume, body crà ¨me and lotion which protect womens skin. However, it is clear that women prefer having fragrance all day long. Therefore, it is a chance to do the research and development of oil perfume which have the efficacy of perdurability. Further, the consumption of cosmetic products has rapidly increased during festival time, such as Christmas, Mothers day, and Valentines Day. These women who purchase Jurlique products are between 20 to 35 years old. Product Positioning It is positioned on the aspect of slow fashion which emphasizes nature, eco-awareness, and health. The perspective of Jurliques essential oil perfumes is that the firm integrates the functional advantages of essential oils with our main scents which include jasmine, rose, lavender and citrus. Essential oil could assist customer in refreshing their mind, releasing their pressure and relaxing, also our new perfume would help females enhance their charm and self-confidence. Moreover, the ingredients of the essential oil perfumes are nature without chemical elements. Therefore, the new product would not injure customers body and health. Competitors 4.5.1 Competitive advantage Compared to Jurliques competitors, such as Loccitane and Aesop, they have similar philosophy and the same product categories. However, the new product of Jurlique could be distinguished from others, because our new product involves natural essential oils. In addition to this, the product of essential oil perfume has never been developed in the two firms of Loccitane and Aesop yet. Thus, this would have a high attraction on female market. Creative Message Strategy Theme The communication objectives As this oil perfume is a new product, the most important objectives are to enhance the customer awareness of the product, and impressed them by the first advertising. The product knowledge of nature and harmless ingredient can be conveyed in advertising. To stimulate the buying behavior by this creative advertising. Customer insight Customers gradually concern about nature and healthy ingredients of products, especially in food and those using for skin care. Message (à ¥Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ©Ã‚ »Ã… ¾) Different from other women perfume advertising which emphasizes the appeal for men, Jurlique advertisement will focus on the distinctive features which are less harmful and helpful to relax with fresh fragrance to attract women who concern about the harmless ingredient of products and those who are under stress. Look and Style Appeals Media Objective 1. Reach 80% of the target audience at least 3.2 per three month. 2. Use selected media to provide coverage of approximately 40% of target audiences per month. 3. Design to launch the advertising on holiday period and four seasons. Media reach and frequency The major objective of the advertising is that provides the information of a new campaign to existing consumers and appeal a great number of potential target audiences through selected media. Also, Jurlique is established and well-known brand in Australia. Thus, low-frequency strategy and high-reach strategy are appropriate for the campaign, based on Wells et al. (2011), high-reach strategy and low-frequency strategy could be used to launch a new product with notable brand in order to deliver reminder and simple messages. In order to calculate effective frequency, the company use Ostrow frequency model, because Telmar (2010) reported that the goal of Ostrow model is setting up minimum effective frequency level to maximise reach level. Therefore, the lowest frequency of the campaign is 3.2. Besides, according to three selected media, Jurlique assumes that the campaign would catch about 40% of potential customers each month when the advertising launching, so the coverage is around 40%. Marketing Factors That Affect Effective Frequency Established brands -.2 -.1 + .1 + .2 New brands High market share -.2 -.1 + .1 + .2 Low market share Dominant brand in market -.2 -.1 + .1 + .2 Smaller, less well-known brands High brand loyalty -.2 -.1 + .1 + .2 Low brand loyalty Long purchase cycle -.2 -.1 + .1 + .2 Short purchase cycle(high volume segments) Product used occasionally -.2 -.1 + .1 + .2 Product used daily -.2 -.1 + .1 + .2 Needed to beat competition -.2 -.1 + .1 + .2 Advertising to older consumers, or children Copy Factors That Affect Effective Frequency Simple copy -.2 -.1 + .1 + .2 Complex copy Copy more unusual than competition -.2 -.1 + .1 + .2 Copy less unusual than competition Continuing campaign -.2 -.1 + .1 + .2 New copy campaign Product sell copy -.2 -.1 + .1 + .2 Image type copy Single king of message -.2 -.1 + .1 + .2 More different kinds of messages To avoid wear out: New message -.2 -.1 + .1 + .2 Older messages Larger ad units -.2 -.1 + .1 + .2 Small ad units Media Factors That Affect Effective Frequency Lower ad clutter -.2 -.1 + .1 + .2 High ad clutter Compatible editorial environment -.2 -.1 + .1 + .2 Incompatible environment Attentiveness high -.2 -.1 + .1 + .2 Attentiveness low Continuous advertising -.2 -.1 + .1 + .2 Pulsed or flighted advertising Few media used -.2 -.1 + .1 + .2 Many media used Opportunities for media repetition -.2 -.1 + .1 + .2 Fewer opportunities -.25 + -.13 + +.13 + +.26 = +.2 .2+ 3.0(Effective frequency base) = 3.2 (Modified effective frequency level) Media Selection 6.2.1 Television Nowadays, although the rapidly rise of social network advertising, the TV advertising is still regarded as the dominant form of media advertising, since it have several advantages which would not be easily replaced like large usage rate of TV , at least few hours occupation per person daily as well as the high reaching rate for different groups of audiences. According to responeseAbility Consumer Research (2001), there 52% of female purchase decisions would like to be affected by TV Advertising in Australia. Also, the target market of Jurlique are females whose ages from 20 to 35, as a result, TV advertising would be the most direct way for product exposure. Meanwhile, it could deliver the message combine audio and video at meantime which could stimulate people, especially for female, to generate advertising appeals or evoke the subconscious possessive willing by using ideal scenario to cater their perception (Fah Foon 2011). 6.2.2 Magazine According to Belch et al. (2012), magazines are a kind of media, which focus on specific target audiences. Also, Wells et al. (2011) stated that the percentage of females titles in the magazine market stands at about 65%. Thus, Jurlique would use this medium to publish its new advertising. In Australia, there are a variety of magazines for females. Jurlique is likely to promote its new perfumes advertising through three womens magazines such as Australian Womens Weekly, Marie Claire as well as Cosmopolitan, because the circulation and readership of these magazines in Australia are approximately above 100,000 and 400,000, and their target consumers age are between 18 and 55 (ACP Magazines, 2012 Pacific Magazines, 2012). As a result, the campaign in these magazines can be easily to catch particular customers of Jurliques fragrance. 6.2.3 Facebook The advantages of social network Due to the vast number of users, social network advertising can easily convey to those used the internet. The cost of social network advertising is significantly lower than other forms of advertising. The messages spread in social network are seen to be more reliable as they are shared by our friends rather than companies Social network create a route for customers to communicate directly to companies, as a result, the brand awareness and loyalty could be enhanced. (Socialolio 2012) Selection of Social network To compare the most popular social network Facebook and Twitter, we find out the age group of Facebook users (25-34) are closer to the target market of Jurlique perfume (Socialbakers 2012)(Alana Jessica Ward 2012). Besides, Facebook profiles can contain more detail than Twitter (ListsHere.com n.d.). What is more, Facebook allows company to provide photos, videos and longer descriptions. Consequently, Facebook fan page is more desirable to advertise the new products of Jurlique. Cost Free to create fan pages as well as post any information there . Reach rate The amount of fans of Jurlique AU is 16248. (Jurlique Australia 2012) According to the research, one Facebook post reach 12% of fans. (Josh Constine, 2012) The average fans which liked the posts from Jurlique fan page is 30. (Jurlique Australia 2012) The average amount of friends of Facebook users is 229. (Bianca Bosker, 2011) 16248ÃÆ'-12%+30ÃÆ'-229ÃÆ'-12%=1949.76+824.4=2774.16à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 2774 people One post could be seen by around 2774 people Scheduling We divide the product of oil perfume into four flavours to match four seasons. Thus, the product of oil perfume which is for spring season will be initially launched on the beginning of September through mass media which include magazine, television and Facebook from 1 September until the middle of September. After the time, the media of magazine and television will be paused until 15 November, but Facebook will still run all the year. Further, owing to the fact that Christmas day is on 25 December, the advertising of new fragrant perfume which is fit for summer season will be promoted from 16 November within three of mass media above until the end of December. Besides, December is a big sales month for Australian. Nevertheless, advertising period must be continued in one month. Furthermore, 14 Feb is Valentines day, as a result oil perfume with another new flavour will be popularized two weeks ago to match autumn. In addition to this, the mass media of magazine and television will b e carried out again. Moreover, sending perfume as a gift to mother will be a good choice. Hence, before Mothers day, the product will publish new scent for winter and this special day. Scheduling Year 2012 Month Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Day ~15 16~ ~15 16~ ~15 16~ ~15 16~ Magazine Television Facebook season spring summer Holiday Christmas Special Big Sales new spring new summer Scheduling Year 2013 Month Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Day ~15 16~ ~15 16~ ~15 16~ ~15 16~ ~15 16~ ~15 16~ ~15 16~ ~15 16~ Magazine Television Facebook season summer fall winter Holiday Valentine Mum Special Big Sales à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ new summer new fall new winter Estimation of Cost Evaluation of performance For this new product-Oil Perfume, marketing team will carry out an available measuring research of its media campaign to rough execution to testing the final version before implementing, while this activity is running and once the campaign gets to its end. Jurlique is a successful company and has been established for a long time. Hence, Jurlique wants to enhance the business and be able to correct any mistakes, such as cost, on time, also increasing the efficiency of integrated marketing communication and making sure it takes the right media decisions by evaluating the campaign. (Belch, et al., 2009) Pretesting: June to August 2012 Testing positioning, image and brand identity: Jurlique would assess its new campaign concept on selected media. This could help it to understand that the messages in terms of positioning and image of advertising that Jurlique intend to launch are realized by its specific target audiences. Concept testing: At this stage, Jurlique want to evaluate the characteristics (namely slogans) of the advertising in customers mind. According to peoples feedbacks, the advertising team of Jurlique needs to make sure that how well the advertising will perform. How: Jurlique use online survey and focus group to investigate customers imagination and responses to its new campaign. Concurrent: September 2012 to August 2013 (campaign running) In the campaign process, con-current testing will keep working all year to obtain detail information of each stage and all relevant messages will not miss for marketing team. Image, effectiveness and awareness: While the campaign is launched by TV, magazines as well as Facebook, concurrent evaluation may help Jurlique to comprehend the advertising run correctly or not and obtain feedbacks from customers who saw the campaign. If the advertising is not working correctly, the advertising team can deal with it immediately. How: Coincidental survey- Jurlique use online questionnaires and random calling in order to realize what messages customers receive and get responses from them. Thus, Jurlique can obtain qualitative and quantitative information. Impact on sales: During this advertising campaign starts running, the marketing team will study its sales to track the influence of this new product. The purchased proportion will be studied in detail. How: Measuring the differential impact of different budget sizes, and the effects of brand or corporate image by tracking with the general sales statistical study. (Belch, et al., 2009) Concurrent: September 2012 to August 2013 (campaign running) When the campaign comes to the end around September to November, the marketing team will assess its final result in order to figure out whether the set objectives were reached or not. Post-testing not only identify what was doing best, but also serve as input into the future campaign planning. (Belch, et al., 2009) Impact on sales: While the advertising campaign is ended, marketing team will estimate its sales volume and analyze its profitability. In addition, they will judge specific aspects of the advertisement which provides the most efficiency to this new product. (Belch, et al., 2009) How: Comparing the used media tools and the sales statistical studies to determine how the advertising contributes to brand equity and how to optimize effectiveness. (Belch, et al., 2009) Attitudes and persuasion-Commercial reaction: Reference

Latino Punk Music :: Politics Political Spanish Rock Essays

Latino Punk Music Abrasive rock music has rarely been considered a potent political force in the United States. Punk is no exception to this rule. As a subculture, punk has received much more atention for its hairstyles and caustic sounds than its politics. As Daniel Rosenblat points out, punk rock â€Å"Confound[s] our conventional (western) notions of politics by [its] emphasis on maters which we consign to different domains entirely† (1). What he means i s that because punk does not express its political discourse in traditional venues or traditional terms, it is discounted as apolitical or politicaly impotent. To wit, Hebdige argues that subcultures can do litle more than provide a ‘signal of Refusal,’ and should be considered â€Å"just the darker side of sets of regulations† (3). Latino punks have countered these claims since the 1970s, with lyrical assertions that their political speech is an essential precursor to political change. In this paper I explore the wa ys in which contemporary Latino punk self -defines as political, in contrast to early punk bands who refused to be affiliated with politics. By explicitly aligning with political causes, Latino punk establishes a tension between punk’s historical tendencies towards ‘forgetfulness’ and ‘self -fulfilment,’ and new political agendas that push awareness and change. I conclude by asserting that the punk movement is preoccupied with individual fulfilment at the expense of political activism, a tendenc y that ultimately undermines its political import. Jose Palafox, of Wiretap Magazine, portrays Latino punk as a departure from the larger subcultural category of punk, which he dismisses as â€Å"fast, in -your-face music played by weird -looking white youth.† M any Latino punks assert that as members of a marginalized group within the United States, politics are a necessary element of their musical expressions. Incensed lyrics demand change on behalf of Latin Americans denied political voice. Los Crudos was one such purveyor of this politicaly inclined ‘in - your-face music’ and as a particularly popular and active group within the hardcore -punk community, Los Crudos is in many ways representative of Latino punk in the 1990s. The band began its musical efforts i n Pilsen, the Chicago barrio where lead singer Martin Sorrondeguy spent his childhood. The band’s messages focus on the problems effecting Latin Americans both in the United States and abroad. Sorrondeguy explains: â€Å"We wanted to communicate with other ki ds and with people in our neighborhood about things that were effecting us† (qtd.

Department of Care and Professional Studies Edexcel Level 3 for Children and Young People’s Workforce Unit 13 Promoting Children’s Learning and Development in the Early Years Assignment Task 1 Direct Observation

Department of Care and Professional Studies Edexcel Level 3 for Children and Young People’s Workforce Unit 13 Promoting Children’s Learning and Development in the Early Years Assignment Task 1 Direct Observation and Professional discussion Assessment Criteria (Unit 13) 1. 3explain how the documented outcomes are assessed and recorded 2. 2engage effectively with children to encourage the child’s participation and involvement in planning their own learning and development activities. 3. 2prepare, set out and support activities and experiences that encourages learning and development in each area of the relevant early years framework 4. work alongside children, engaging with them in order to support their learning and development 4. 3 use language that is accurate and appropriate in order to support and extend children’s learning when undertaking activities While on work experience you will be visited by your tutor/teacher who will observe your practice to de termine your competency. Your tutor will observe you and record your performance and where it meets the criteria listed above it will be recorded on the ‘Direct Observation’ pages in your Professional Practice Log. All observed criteria will be credited to you. In some cases where a criteria has not been full demonstrated through observation, the visiting teacher will ask you an oral question or hold a professional discussion with you to enable you to fully meet that criteria. This discussion will also be recorded in your Professional Practice Log but on the ‘Professional Discussion’ page and where competency is confirmed you will credited with the criteria, Task 2 – Underpinning Knowledge Evidence Assessment criteria (Unit 13) 1. explain each area of the areas of learning and development and how these are interdependent Assessment criteria (Unit 12) 1. 1explain the legal status and principles of the relevant early years framework/s, and how national and local guidance materials are used in settings Scenario You have been asked to prepare an information pack for the new students who will be starting your setting next term. You should provide guidance which explains the follo wing : a)The purpose and legal status of the early years frameworks and how it relates to achievement of the Every Child Matters Outcomes (Unit 12 – criteria 1. ) (Unit 13 – criteria 1. 2) b) Provide explanations of each area of learning and development identifying their interdependency. Internally verified _______________________________ Date ______________ Task 3 Promoting Children’s Learning and Development This task links to your practical placement. The play and learning activities that you carry out while in each of your placements will be used to meet the assessment criteria for this task Assessment criteria (Unit 13) 2. use different sources to plan work for individual child or group of children 2. 2support the planning cycle for children’s learning and development 3. 1explain how practitioners promote children’s learning within the relevant early years framework. 4. 2explain the importance of engaging with a child to support sustained shar ed thinking 5. 1 reflect on your own practice in supporting learning and development of children in their early years. 5. 2 demonstrate how to use reflection to make changes in own practice In each of your three placements, following consultation with your supervisor, you will plan, provide and evaluate five learning activities/experiences that promote children’s learning and development. For each activity you must show the flowing:- ?your planning (criteria 2. 1;) ?evaluation of the child/children’s learning outcome with recommendations for extending the child/children’s learning (criteria 3. 1; 4. 2. ) ? evaluation of your plan with recommendations for improvement and changes to your own practice (criteria 2. 2; 5. 1; 5. 2)

Free Will And Determinism Essay

The concept of free will plays an important part in our apportioning blame or praise, and our holding persons morally responsible for their behavior and actions. In the philosophical work devoted to free will there is no strict definition of this concept but it is widely believed to be a condition necessary for moral responsibility. Proponents of determinism, libertarianism, and compatibilism explain the importance of free will in their theories each in their particular way (Compatibilism; Lecture Notes on Free Will and Determinism). Silenus Silenus, the central hero of Stephen Robinett’s â€Å"The Satyr† story, can be regarded as a staunch proponent of philosophical hard determinism. Like a true determinist, Silenus, a satyr, does not believe he is responsible for his actions and behavior because he is the creation of another person, namely Hench. He explains his enormous interest in ladies as well as his promiscuous behavior by the fact that Hench gave him the extra Y-chromosome which became a major determinant of his behavior (Robinett). According to the satyr, only human beings can be held responsible for what they do. As Silenus does not consider himself a human being on the one hand, and as he was created by Hench on the other hand, it is the latter that Silenus believes is responsible for him and for anything he does. Silenus maintains that he does not know exactly why he does things and that it is Hench who made him like this, and thus it is Hench who should be held accountable for the way Silenus is and behaves (Robinett). However, nowhere in the story does Silenus give any clear explanation why he believes this. All in all, it is obvious that he does not care about responsibility at all, but considers it a useful, although peculiar, notion, which he often uses to appeal to Hench’s sense of responsibility in order to influence his decisions in his favor. Silenus’ desires and inclinations are caused by factors and circumstances which are outside his control and for which, therefore, he should not be held responsible. All he seems to be interested in is having sex with ladies and taking a drop every now and then. As we know it from the story, his love for ladies is caused by the extra Y-chromosome that Hench gave him. We can also assume that his disposition to alcohol has something to do with the â€Å"material† he was synthesized from, too. From Silenus’ deterministic perspective, it follows that he is not accountable for his decisions and actions as they are not free but are the result of his desires over which he has no control and which he is not able to resist. Libertarians would suggest that Silenus’ actions are actually free, depend on his reason and volition, and are not predetermined by any factors such as the extra Y-chromosome. From the compatibilistic perspective, Silenus’ desires are caused by the above mentioned factors but as he is still free to choose in many situations then he should be held responsible for his actions. There is plenty of evidence in the story that Silenus is able to control his behavior. For example, at Merton’s offices Silenus became interested in the receptionist, â€Å"a bird-legged girl†, who made him sexually excited. When she left him after several awkward attempts to have sex with her, Silenus at first intended to chase her but then decided to let her go (Robinett). Given the influence of the extra Y-chromosome, the receptionist’s body must have clouded Silenus’ mind. However, he was able to control his strong sexual desires at that moment because Hench could hear her screams and come to punish him. Another good example of Silenus’ ability to control his behavior can be seen during the meeting with Merton. Silenus was constantly interrupting Hench while the latter was talking to Merton. When Hench got angry, he told Silenus to be silent or he would punish him later by not feeding him properly. Although Silenus was eager to appear as a disobedient and unreliable creature, he stopped immediately misbehaving himself and annoying Hench because he did want to eat that night. One more example is a clash between Hench and Silenus which broke out when they came home after the appointment with Merton. When Hench slapped Silenus, the satyr felt like grabbing and throwing his creator across the room. But Silenus managed to control his anger because he realized that if he hit Hench he would never convince him not to sell him into slavery (Robinett). All these examples show that Silenus can, if he wishes to, control his behavior. The above mentioned examples of Silenus’ abilities to control his especially violent or unacceptable behavior also show that Silenus is able to draw causal inferences in this story. In these situations he demonstrates his awareness of the possible consequences of his actions (which could be disastrous for him) and decides to avoid them. It follows that in most cases Silenus behaves well or does not do unacceptable actions not out of a sense of deep understanding of the consequences of such behavior and, what is particularly important, responsibility for his actions, but only because he tries to escape punishment. In many other cases (for example, when he forced Audrey to have sex with him), his unacceptable behavior can be explained by the fact that Silenus, as a rational being (and he proves several times in the story that he is indeed a rational being) must realize his moral responsibility for his actions, but also understands that he is likely to escape punishment for them. As a rational being, Silenus is fully capable of drawing causal inferences of his behavior, but his acceptable or unacceptable behavior depends on whether he is likely to be punished for it or experience certain inconveniences because of it and not on his sense of moral responsibility for his actions. In every situation Silenus has the choice whether to follow his inclinations and behave in an unacceptable way or whether to postpone the satisfaction of his desires to a later time. As we can see, in some cases Silenus postpones his intentions to do certain things, but in other situations he prefers to misbehave himself rather than control himself. So in most cases it would be incorrect to conclude that Silenus could not do otherwise than he did. Silenus is in fact a drunk who avoids responsibility for his drinking habits. But the question of Silenus being a drunk should not be restricted only to this vice. He is also fond of having sex and likes being fed well. It would be fairer to describe Silenus as a person who has some bad habits and preferences (like most humans have) and tends to satisfy some of his vicious needs and inclinations but who does not want to be held responsible for his actions. For Silenus, it seems easier to enjoy life and satisfy his desires than to control them and be responsible for his actions. Silenus holds clear deterministic views on the extent of his moral responsibility for his actions. Determinists believe that human behavior, decisions, and actions are determined and caused by prior occurrences (Determinism). If all human actions are predetermined then there is no free will and humans are not morally responsible for what they do. Contemporary determinists also believe that human behavior is determined by some external causes which are beyond man’s control, particularly genetic and environmental factors (Geisler). We do not know exactly whether Robinett’s Silenus has ever heard of determinism and free will, but he successfully applies deterministic views to explain his behavior. He believes his behavior is determined and caused by his genetic constitution that was given to him by Hench and that his inclinations that are caused by this constitution can’t be controlled. Silenus maintains that if he is not responsible for what he is made from, then he can’t be responsible for what he does. Although Silenus’ position about behavior and responsibility corresponds to the views of proponents of determinism, it is obvious that Silenus’ arguments do not at all reflect his philosophical deterministic position in life, but rather are a convenient excuse for shifting moral responsibility for his actions to others. Silenus versus Hench Silenus’ â€Å"I am not responsible for what I am† and Hench’s â€Å"You are responsible for what you do† are in fact compatible. Hench created Silenus with certain predispositions which make him likely to behave and act in a particular way in certain situations. Hench is the author of Silenus’ predispositions and the one who shaped Silenus’ character. Silenus has nothing to do with the â€Å"material† he was made from and he is right when he says that he is not responsible for what he is. But Silenus is also a rational being and in several cases he demonstrates that his decisions are based on reasoning. He is also able to control and guide his behavior. It follows that it is Silenus, not Hench, who can be held responsible for what he does. So both Silenus’ and Hench’s positions are correct and compatible. In this story, the problem is that Silenus is not responsible for what he is and extends this irresponsibility to what he does. In the beginning of the story, Hench agrees with Silenus’ view of the extent of his moral responsibility. In his discussion with Audrey, Hench maintains that as Silenus’ creator he is fully responsible for him. Hench does not consider Silenus a human being and maintains that he is not able to take care of himself and assume responsibility for what he does. Hench even goes so far as to state that he is responsible for everything Silenus is or does because Silenus is exactly what he, Hench, made him (Robinett). However, we can also see Hench criticize Silenus for his unacceptable behavior, because he does not control his desires, and also suggest that Silenus should be responsible for his actions (Robinett). It seems there is a certain contradiction in Hench’s belief of responsibility for Silenus. On the one hand, he feels responsible for Silenus’ actions because he is his creator. On the other hand, although in Hench’s view Silenus is not a human being, he is at least a rational being as he often demonstrates his ability to express thoughts and explain things that are based on reasoning. Hench believes that Silenus should at least try to be responsible for his actions and control them (Robinett). We may assume from what we read in the story that there is some struggle in Hench’s mind as to whether only he should be held responsible for Silenus’ actions or whether this responsibility should be shared between both him and Silenus. As we read on, at the end of the story Hench comes to the conclusion that Silenus should be held accountable for his behavior, too. Although this conclusion is reached on the basis of his personal grievance against Silenus (because Silenus had sex with Audrey), it is clear that now Hench is firm in his opinion that he is responsible for what Silenus is, but not for what Silenus does. Gorr Michael Gorr is a proponent of the compatibilistic theory. Unlike libertarians, who maintain that humans have free will which is incompatible with determinism, compatibilists believe that determinism and free will exist and are in fact compatible ideas. According to this belief, free will is not a person’s ability to make a certain choice independently of prior causes and events, but a person’s ability to choose when he or she is not forced to do it. Compatibilists do not deny that our choices are predetermined, but they emphasize that the choices we make are examples of free will if we are not forced to make them. But if we are forced to make whatever choices we make, then this is an example of a lack of free will (Compatibilism and Incompatibilism). If a person’s action is coerced, then this person is not responsible for it. But if a person’s action is not coerced, that is, under certain circumstances the person can do otherwise, then this person is accountable for the action. Gorr’s compatibilistic position is seen in his example of â€Å"knocking down Jones†. Gorr maintains that in the case where another person pushes him and makes him bump into Jones, he should not be held responsible for his action as its consequence is not a result of his intention or choice. In the case where he deliberately bumps into Jones and injures him, he is accountable for his behavior because he could do otherwise. Gorr states that we are responsible for our actions only when we desire for these actions to occur (Gorr). Gorr accepts, unlike libertarians, the deterministic universal causation, but he rejects the deterministic belief that humans are not to be held responsible for their actions because their actions are determined and caused by factors which are beyond their control. He agrees with Hench who states at the end of the story that Silenus is responsible for his behavior which is the result of his desires even though he is not responsible for his genetic constitution that determines and causes his desires. Gorr maintains that it is not necessary to be responsible for one’s desires in order to be responsible for one’s behavior. For Gorr, it is more important to have control over one’s actions and   not to have control over the causes of these actions. So long as we have control over our actions and it depends on our choice whether these actions will occur or not, Gorr concludes, we are responsible for these actions. And Silenus, regardless of his genetic constitution and environment, should be held responsible for his actions (Gorr). Conclusion We can partly reject determinism as philosophical proposition and do not agree with the belief that whatever we do is predetermined and we can’t control it or do otherwise and are,   therefore, not to be held responsible for what we do. But it seems wrong to reject or neglect the notion of universal causation which determinists believe is integral to their theory. It would be wrong to deny that some events are caused by other preceding events, and the latter were caused by earlier events, and so on. It seems there exists an unbroken causal chain of which humans are part. Similarly, it would be wrong to deny the importance and influence of factors such as heredity or upbringing on how we make our decisions or choose to behave in a particular situation. So every event has its cause and every human action is also caused by certain factors. What does seem important in this case is, as Gorr points out, the difference in the kind of causation (Gorr). Our genetic make-up and the environment are important, but not the only, factors which predetermine or guide our behavior as we can often control them and choose to do otherwise than these factors predispose us to do. Personally, I can’t accept the deterministic position that everything that exists or occurs has a sufficient reason for existing or occurring as it exists or occurs, and not otherwise (Causal Determinism). It is hard to believe that human actions are predetermined, are not free, and can’t be changed (hard determinism), or that there is chance they could be changed (soft determinism). I do not particularly like the idea that since human actions are not free humans are not to be held morally responsible for them because in my view this promotes certain moral chaos. I am not convinced by the indeterministic position that all human acts are uncaused. I share the libertarian belief that humans actually do have free will, but like Gorr, I do not believe it is incompatible with deterministic causation. That is why I am most inclined to accept compatibilism which is something in the middle between determinism and libertarianism and does not disparage deterministic causation and accepts free will, and therefore, moral responsibility. I believe that my actions can be in fact predetermined by several factors, but in many cases I still have the possibility to choose between two and more options, and that I should be held responsible for whatever the consequences of my choice are. BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1. Causal Determinism. Retrieved January 27, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/determinism-causal/ 2. Compatibilism. Retrieved January 27, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/compatibilism/ 3. Compatibilism and Incompatibilism. Retrieved January 27, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compatibilism 4. Determinism. Retrieved January 27, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinism 5. Geisler, N. Freedom, Free Will, and Determinism. Retrieved January 27, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://www.mb-soft.com/believe/text/determin.htm 6. Gorr, M. Being and Doing: Some Thoughts about Responsibility. Though Probes. 7. Lecture Notes on Free Will and Determinism. Retrieved January 27, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://www.sfu.ca/philosophy/swartz/freewill1.htm 8. Robinett, S. The Satyr. Thought Probes.

The Mummy returns Essay Example

The Mummy returns Essay Example The Mummy returns Paper The Mummy returns Paper How does the opening sequence of your chosen film create meaning and atmosphere for the audience? I have chosen The Mummy Returns. Sound The narrator directly addresses the audience. It is used at the beginning to set the scene and describes what has happened up to the present day, so the audience understand what’s happening. Parallel sound is used throughout. Sound bridges happen throughout the sequence. For example, when the battles are taking place, and the scene cuts between different shots. This gives continuity to the film. The soundtrack uses many features to involve the audience, and create an atmosphere. For example, in the battle scene at the beginning, the drums and the chanting help to build an atmosphere of excitement, and the importance of the battle and the scorpion king. As the scene moves into the temple, the soundtrack uses eerie noises, and high pitched notes to unsettle the audience adding to a tense atmosphere. The soundtrack is also used to show relationships between characters. When Evelyn and Rick are alone in the temple the music becomes slow and romantic. Diegetic sound is used throughout the sequence to help get the scene. It is used in a lot of different places from swords clashing in battle scenes, to snakes hissing in the tomb, to water rushing through the tunnels. Lighting The film starts in the desert. The light used is a very high key top light. This represents the sun in the desert. It portrays a feeling of intense heat to the audience. It also creates different shadows on different parts of the scene, helping to give a sense of time. Inside the temple, lots of different effects are used to create different moods. At the beginning a backlight is used on its own to create a clear silhouette of Rick, adding to the suspense. The lighting underground is low key because there is no natural light. It also creates deep distinct shadows adding to the feeling of fear and a scary atmosphere. Under lighting is used on the scorpions to give them long, deformed shadows making them seem bigger, unsettling the audience. Lit torches are used as the main source of light. His gives flickering shadows adding to a tense atmosphere. Under lighting is used on the faces of the three men. It gives shadows on their faces and makes them look sinister, therefore making the audience presume they are the ‘bad guys’. The opposite effect is used on Alex, using high key lighting, so the audience presume the opposite. Other effects such as spotlights are also used when the bracelet is in the frame, to show its importance. Darkness is used near the end of the scene to represent claustrophobic conditions when the water starts to come in. Framing The scene begins with a master shot of the entire place where the following scene takes place. It includes the whole background for reference to later in the film. An establishing shot is also used it shows all of both the armies. It helps to set the scene for the audience. As the battle takes place, mixtures of medium long shots and mid shots are used. This means all the action can be seen, while facial expressions can still be seen. High angles are used throughout increasing the audience’s sense of power over the army, involving them. In the desert, long shots are used to show the army in the desolate surrounding. It increases the feeling of desperation of the men. At the end of the desert scene a very high angle is used on the scorpion king so he looks small, making the audience almost pity him. Inside the temple, a lot of mid shots and close ups are used. This helps to increase the feel of the small tunnels. It also shows the characters are all important. Straight angled shots are used to put the audience on the same level as all the main characters. The audience do not need to feel sorry for, or to feel intimidated by any of the characters. Point of view shots are used to give a characters perspective of looking down a corridor, in the case of Rick when he is in the temple. It shows the fear the characters must be feeling appeals to the audience directly to emphasize with them. At the end of the scene, a lot of medium long shots are used to enable the audience to see all the action taking place as it builds to a climax. Camera movement As the sequence begins, the camera uses a lot of fast panning. This is to increase the tense mood and the feeling of the action. It pans across the army showing everyone waiting to fight. This effect sets the scene for the audience and shows the expanse of the army. The scorpion king is tracked to increase his important. It is fast which creates excitement. A steadicam is used a lot to show different aspects of the moving battle but to keep the shots smooth. A handheld camera is also used to convey an atmosphere of chaos to the audience and to involve the audience, making them feel as if they are actually there. When the sequence cuts to the section inside the temple the camera uses tracking to help the audience crate an emotional attachment with Rick. Zooming in is used when Rick and Evelyn meet. It gives the section a romantic feel and gives the audience a feeling of closeness increasing a relaxed atmosphere, which is then opposite to other scenes. A lot of panning is used throughout the rest of the scene, for example, when Alex runs across the temple floor. He is also tracked to show he is important in that particular scene, making the focus on him. It also involves the audience a lot more in the film. Zooming in is used when the bracelet is in this box in the vision. This shows it’s important and focus’s the audience’s attention on it. Zooming is also used when one of the three men says â€Å"we do not want to wake the Gods†. This gives greater importance to these words, making the audience take more notice them. The camera pans Evelyn and Rick as they run away from the water towards the end of the sequence. It also zooms into their facial expressions, appealing to the audience because they are slightly comical. Editing During the battle scene at the beginning of the sequence a lot of invisible editing it used. This is to be unobtrusive, so the audience’s attention is not taken away from the battle. Jump cuts are used to move from the battle to the desert, then back to another battle then to the inside of the temple. This is a common feature of their type of genre. Inside the temple a lot more variety of shot is used. Reaction shots are used a lot more frequently. For example, from Rick’s expression when he knocks Alex over, to Alex’s face, then back to Rick’s expression. Elliptical cuts are also used. For example, when Rick walks down a corridor, and then is with Evelyn after a jump cut. Invisible editing is used most frequently throughout which is common for this type of film. Mise-en-Scene The outside settings are mainly digitally created because they are too vast to create from scratch, and to detailed and precise to use a location which already exists. The inside setting is very detailed. The walls all have Egyptian markings on them, and are all covered with dirt and cobwebs. It’s also very dark. They all give an atmosphere a terror and mystery. The props used are typical of 1930’s, which is when the film is set. The types of guns and other weapons used indicate that the film is not set in modern times. The tools being used to dig with are not modern technology. The torches of fire are used as the main source of light while they are underground, which it would have been in 1933. It helps to set the scene. It also adds to the atmosphere because of the flickering shadows created. The costume is also typical of the 1930’s. The men wear shirts and trousers, with Alex wearing shorts and trousers. The costume also helps to portray heat of the desert. The three men, for example, wear head dresses and loose shirts. Other costume includes Indiana Jones styles exploring clothes Rick wears. The clothes are all in good condition, which represents they have a lot of money, which is proved later in the film, when they arrive home to their mansion. The important characters in the scene always stand in the foreground of the shot, often against a stationary background. However the characters are sometimes positioned all at one side this unsettles the audience, therefore involves them. Different emphasis is put a different bit of body language depending on the scene. When the battle is taking place outside medium long shots and long shots are used to include all the action so you don’t miss anything. Inside the temple close ups and mid shots are used to include important facial expressions, to help build the tension. Narrative structure The film doesn’t begin with equilibrium, but equilibrium is established quite early on in the sequence, when the scorpion king is killed. However two new incidents happen to complicate the story. The first being that the three men enter who have been sent to kill the O’Connell’s. The second being that taking the bracelet from its box causes the temple to collapse. A binary opposite of good Vs evil is made between the O’Connell’s and the three men is established as soon as they enter. The sequence is organised in a non-linear format. It makes use of flashbacks and visions. Genre The genre of this film is action/adventure. Generic conventions are used. For example, there’s a lot of action in a short space of time. Theres also a feeling of adventure when the characters are exploring in the temple. Fast paced loud music and guns and fighting are also generic conventions used in this sequence. There are some aspects however which are subverted. The idea of mummies is also fantasy possibly suggesting hybridisation. There are also some aspects of comic language. Characters We can tell from this sequence characters are going to be important. The scorpion king is talked about a lot and is shown using low angled shots for the majority of the time, which also increases his sense of importance. We can tell Evelyn, Rick and Alex are important because the whole sequence is based around what they are doing and why. The scorpion king is an important character. This is shown by actors such as his name, which h includes the word king giving him high status. His clothing is better than that of his army, which he also leads. He also wears lots of gold jewellery. Rick is shown to be a fighter. He is always carries guns and bullets with him and he creeps around at the beginning of the temple scene. He also likes to do things by brute force shown in the comments Evelyn says, such as â€Å"let’s do it your way† then he would bang down a door. Alex is shown to be clever. He knows a lot about ancient Egypt, because he talks to Rick about a statue, he also understand hieroglyphics, show later in the film. Vladimir Prop’s theory fits into this film in some aspects. The villain; impoteph, the donor; being Izzy who later on in the film helps them a lot, and the magical helper being Ardis who helps them throughout. Some characters do not fir in however, such as the father’s daughter.

The clusters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The clusters - Essay Example Agreeableness is a personality trait that is present in people who easily agree to what others have to say. They are not stubborn and are flexible in decision making. Lastly, conscientiousness is a personality trait grouping together people who do not take impulsive decisions, but give vast attention to what they do and how it might effect their reputation. They are the types who are deeply concerned about what others have to say about them. In my opinion, I fall under the category of neuroticism, as I happen to be a highly sensitive person. I tend to stay quiet in large meetings, and am often lost in thought. I take matters too personally, getting upset at the slightest of things. As much as I dislike this personality trait of mine, I find it difficult to rid these traits off. The second group in which I may be categorized is agreeableness. I do not like arguments, am I good listener and generally agree on what others have to say. I do not press much on statements I make and vary my opinion if someone else has a more convincing argument. Thus, I consider my self to be highly agreeable. Lastly, I am also a part of the group of people who fall under the title of conscientiousness. I am careful in choosing my words during a conversation, conscious that I do not end up offending the other person in any way.

THE ACCOUNT CYCLE Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

THE ACCOUNT CYCLE - Research Paper Example This is done so that non-accounting professional would be able to comprehend the journal entries themselves and to make it easier for them to read the financial records. As soon as these transactions take place, they are recorded in the day books or books of prime entry. After a predetermined interval, the balances in the books of prime of entry are summed up and posted to ledger accounts. These ledger accounts are generally prepared in T-form, each having a debit and credit side. There are five categories of accounts, which include: assets, liabilities, revenues, expense and capital. There are also separate journals for each category for accounts. They include general journal, purchase ledger and sales ledger. The balances of these ledgers appear either on debit or credit side based on the type of accounts. Capital account usually has a credit balance. Similarly, liabilities and revenue accounts have credit balances, whereas expense and asset accounts have debit balances. However, t he main task of accountants is to determine the type of entry and determine the double entry accounts that are going to be used in each transaction. Sometimes, whenever accountants forget to make a double-entry of a transaction, they can still reconcile the accounts at a later date using the available records. At the end of the period, all the accounts, which are made in T form are balanced. The balance of each of these accounts is then posted to trial balance. The accounts having a debit balance is posted on debit side of a trial balance, whereas accounts having credit balance is entered on the credit side of the trial balance. Accounts which have equal debits and credit and there is no balance are ignored and not posted in trial balance. At the end of the period ending and closing entries are recorded in the journal format and then posted to the trial balance to prepare the adjusted trial balance. This is done to give a better picture of a business transaction.